تعبير انجليزي
سوريا
موضوع قصير عن
سوريا بالانجليزي
موضوع عن سوريا
بالانجليزي للصف الثامن
موضوع تعبير عن
مدينة دمشق بالانجليزي
موضوع انجليزي
عن موقع اثري في سوريا
موضوع عن حرب
سوريا بالانجليزي
موضوع عن دمشق
بالانجليزي مترجم
موضوع تعبير عن
الوطن سوريا
موضوع انجليزي
عن سوريا مترجم
موضوع قصير عن
سوريا بالانجليزي
موضوع عن سوريا العربية بالانجليزي للصف الثامن
موضوع عن اطفال
سوريا بالانجليزي
تعبير عن اطفال
سوريا بالانجليزي
موضوع تعبير عن
مدينة دمشق بالانجليزي
موضوع عن دمشق
بالانجليزي مترجم
موضوع تعبير عن
الوطن سوريا
موضوع انجليزي
عن موقع اثري في سوريا
جمل عن سوريا
بالانجليزي
موضوع تعبير عن
مدينة دمشق بالانجليزي
damascus
city
موضوع انجليزي
عن جامع الاموي
موضوع قصير عن
سوريا بالانجليزي
project
write about two cities in syria
موضوع عن مدينة
دمشق
موضوع عن دمشق
القديمة
موضوع انجليزي
عن موقع اثري في سوريا
موضوع انجليزي
عن تدمر
موضوع تعبير بالانجليزي syria
موضوع عن سوريا
بالانجليزي للصف الثامن
موضوع انجليزي
عن سوريا
موضوع تعبير عن
مدينة دمشق بالانجليزي
موضوع تعبير عن
الوطن سوريا
موضوع عن دمشق
بالانجليزي مترجم
موضوع عن اطفال
سوريا بالانجليزي
تعبير عن اطفال
سوريا بالانجليزي
موضوع قصير عن
سوريا
Capital: Damascus
FDI Stocks: US $ 10,743 million
in 2016
Presentation
Economic conditions
While Syria's economic
situation had improved with the wave of economic liberalization under Bashar
al-Assad's presidency, with GDP more than doubling in five years and a growth
rate of around 4 per cent, the Syrian economy is currently suffering. She
jumped back 30 years. Given the lack of data, it is difficult to quantify the
economic impact of the conflict, but according to an estimate by the World
Bank, Syrian GDP contracted by more than 15% per year between 2011 and 2014 and
this decline could reach 16% in 2016. This recession is attributable to the
decline in oil production and the destruction of infrastructure following the
bombing.
By 2015 the Syrian conflict has
reached a level of violence and unprecedented complexity. The public finances
of the Bashar al-Assad regime have steadily deteriorated since the intensification
of the conflict. The government deficit would have reached 14% from 2011 to
2014 and 22% in 2015. Government revenues contracted and would represent less
than 6% of GDP in 2015. At the same time, public expenditure rose sharply under
the weight of increase in military spending. The foreign exchange reserves
would be depleted since 2010 from 20 billion USD to less than 1 billion USD by
the end of 2015. The World Bank's estimate of 90% in 2013 would be 14% in 2014
and 30% in 2015 And is even higher as it is accompanied by a strong
depreciation of the Syrian pound. The humanitarian situation is also critical,
with millions of refugees, displaced persons and people in need of humanitarian
assistance ($ 12 million). The Syrian opposition remains divided despite
attempts to reunify and the international community diverges around the
survival of the Assad regime. The Syrian crisis also arouses regional tensions.
Peace talks were initiated with the Geneva conference in January 2016, but the
Syrian situation seems inextricable.
The country's social situation
was already worrying before the crisis: one-third of the population lived below
the poverty line, unemployment reached 20% of the population (75% of the
unemployed were aged 15-24), and economic growth did not follow the very high
rate of population growth (+ 3.3% / year). Since the war, the situation has
worsened. The population, living without water and electricity, and facing
rising food prices, flees destructions and deprivations. According to the UNDP,
more than half of the population has fallen below the poverty line.
Main sectors of activity
In ordinary times, Syria mainly
exports raw materials (crude oil, cotton, cereals, phosphates). The
agricultural sector accounts for nearly 18% of its GDP and employs 13% of the
working population, but remains a fragile sector, as it is directly dependent
on climatic conditions, especially water scarcity, a key issue for the region .
The area under cultivation has increased by more than 50% since 1970, mainly
due to government incentives and more efficient use of irrigation methods.
Major crops include wheat, potatoes, sugar beets and barley. Syria also
practices the breeding of poultry, cattle and sheep.
Industry plays a relatively
important role, notably thanks to textiles, chemicals and, of course, oil,
which accounts for 14% of Syrian GDP. The hydrocarbons sector, which is very
important for the Syrian economy, contributes 65% of the country's exports.
However, the country's oil reserves are shrinking from year to year, and
although the rise in oil prices has averaged 4.5% growth before the war,
experts expect the Syrian wells to dry up by 2020 .The manufacturing sector
contributes 25% of GDP with the production of handicrafts such as silk, leather
and glass.
The well-established tertiary
sector (mainly tourism) contributes about half of GDP and accounts for more
than 55% of employment.
The civil war ravaging the
country has, however, severely affected the Syrian economy, causing production
and exports to fall and mining the tourism sector.
Trade
Syria is in principle very open to
international trade. It has signed a free trade agreement with Turkey, is a
member of the GAFTA (Great Arab Free Trade Area), the regional free trade area,
and has signed an association agreement with the European Union. The share of
foreign trade in the country's GDP was more than 75% on average between
2005-2007.
As trade has grown in recent years, trade
has dried up as a result of the country's serious political, social and
economic crisis, transformed into civil war, and economic sanctions by its
trading partners. The volume of trade has decreased considerably, and the trade
deficit widened. Syria is cut off from its main trading partners and official
exports to neighboring countries, except those to Iran and Russia, are almost
non-existent. Since the beginning of the crisis, oil production has been
divided by ten. Structurally in deficit, Syria's trade balance has seen its
deficit decline since the start of the war, with imports falling faster than
exports.
Syria mainly exports its petroleum
resources, but also minerals, textiles, livestock and agri-food products. Its
main customers are the Arab countries, including an intensification of trade
relations with Iraq, Italy, Germany, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and France. In terms
of imports, the most important item remains petroleum products, followed by
vehicles, metals and metalwork, sugar, agricultural products, chemical products
and consumer goods. The main suppliers are Turkey, China, Italy, Ukraine and
Russia.
The political context
Executive power
The President is the Head of State. He is
elected by popular referendum for seven years. The president is the
commander-in-chief of the army and holds the executive power. It can declare
war, issue laws, amend the constitution and appoint civilian and military
personnel. It also appoints the Prime Minister (Head of Government) and his
Council of Ministers for as long as he wishes.
Legislative power
The legislative power in Syria is
unicameral. The parliament is called the People's Council (Majlis al-Shaab). It
has 250 seats and its members are elected by universal suffrage for four years.
Syria has been in a state of emergency since 1963, which gives the President
special powers.
The main political parties
The main political coalition in power in
Syria, the National Progressive Front (NPF), is bringing together parties supporting
the nationalist and socialist policies of President Al-Assad.
She regroup :
- Party "Baas", or Socialist
Party of Arab Renaissance: party of President Assad, in power since 1949
- Party of Socialists Unionists
- The Communist Party of Syria
- The Social-Democratic Unionists
- Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party
Amendments to the Constitution in February
2012 allow in theory the existence of a multi-party system, withdrawing the
clause imposing the Basa Party at the head of the state and society. Despite
this, the May 2012 elections, which took place in full rebellion against the
government, were largely boycotted by the main opposition parties. The latter
have long survived in clandestinity or exile, like Islamist or Kurdish parties,
which the Constitution prohibits in the name of their religious or sectarian
character.
The main opposition party is the Syrian
National Council (CNS): opposes President al-Assad and seeks to establish a
state
Heads of Government:
President: Bashar al-ASAD (since July 2000,
re-elected in May 2007) - Ba'th party.
Vice President: Farouk al-Shara (since 11
February 2006).
Prime Minister: Imad KHAMIS (since 3 July
2016) - Ba'th party.
The next elections
Presidential: 2021 (by referendum)
Legislative: 2016
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