موضوع بالانجليزي عن الشيخ زايد

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موضوع عن الشيخ زايد "الله يرحمه"

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The Emir of Abu Dhabi and founder of the United Arab Emirates leaves a country politically stable, based on respect for the diversity and specificity of each entity.

On November 2, 2004, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahyan, president of the United Arab Emirates and founder of the federation, breathes his last. At his funeral the following day, many Emiratis will express their pain and sadness at losing a leader who gave them almost everything: a state, an identity, but also and above all prosperity. Almost all the leaders of the Arab-Muslim world are present at the funeral. From Pakistan to Morocco, via Iraq, Syria and Egypt. A tribute worthy of the path of the deceased. Its reputation for wisdom and the success of its development model have made, in just a few decades, the Emirates the most modern country in the Arabian Peninsula and also the most tolerant. Western side, only French President Jacques Chirac makes the trip.

Sheikh Zayed is over 86 years old when he dies after a long period of illness. We do not know the exact date of his birth. It is located around 1918. It is the last and fourth son of Sultan ben Zayed al-Nahyan, who ruled the Emirate of Abu Dhabi between 1922 and 1926. Zayed was born in al-Ain, an oasis located at a week on camel of Abu Dhabi. A region where the insecurity and Bedouin raids prevailed at the time.

We do not know much about his childhood, except that he was introduced to falconry and hunting, two passions of the Bedouin aristocracy.

These years spent in the desert shaped the character and way of thinking of young Zayed.For him, all Bedouins are his brothers. He understands their humor, their suffering. Zayed was illiterate. It is late on that he will learn to read and write. But no one knows exactly when he started doing it.

On the death of his father in 1928, his older brother Shahbout succeeded him at the head of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, still under British protectorate.

Al-Ain

In 1946, Zayed was appointed governor of al-Ain. He reigns as undisputed master, and nevertheless popular, since he put an end to the desertification which threatened the palm grove. To do this, he committed the gold of his share of inheritance to borrow the sums necessary for the renovation of the irrigation system within the framework of a vast project of development. It has, moreover, pushed the main owners of the water to allocate access to irrigation more equitably.

This success story has not gone unnoticed by its neighbors, including the Sultanate of Oman and Saudi Arabia, who covet this fertile and prosperous land. But it skillfully foils the maneuvers of these countries that seek to seize, by force, part of the region. He knows how to skilfully use the troops of the British protectorate, without appearing to depend on them.And, in the end, he draws from this little war, which ends with a personal success, a great prestige.

In 1953, he traveled for the first time to Great Britain and France, accompanying Sheikh Shahbout to negotiate oil concessions. This move to Europe opens his eyes to the urgent need for modernization of his country.

Abu Dhabi, like the neighboring emirates known as the States of the Truce, had as its resources only the products of fishing and the pearl trade. But the emirate has become the largest oil producer of the Pirate Coast. And Shahbout, among the richest men in the world.

An extremely picturesque figure, he became famous for his categorical refusal to modernize the emirate, his avarice and his aversion to bank notes. For a time, the Emir demanded that oil royalties be paid to him in gold coins. Only when it was impossible for him to accumulate even more gold in his palace did Chakhbut resign himself to entrusting his fortune to the international banks.

Faced with his obstinacy, the ruling family tries to dismiss him, but Zayed hesitates. He remembers the promise made to his mother who formally forbade her sons to kill each other for power.

In 1968, the family clan decided to ask Shahbout to retire peacefully, so that he would be replaced by his younger brother. He is offered a dignified retirement, which he will eventually accept, thanks, it is said, also to the intervention of the British.

The Federation

As a direct result of Britain's withdrawal east of Suez, London announces the withdrawal of British forces from the emirate the same year. Zayed is taken aback. Despite its potential wealth, the emirate is weak and coveted. He can not rely solely on himself to defend himself, especially against neighbors more powerful than him, such as Oman, Iran and Saudi Arabia who are waiting for the departure of the English to take their place.

This is how Sheikh Zayed imagines unifying emirates. Historically, these entities were tearing each other apart. Opposite to each other, they never worked or communicated together.There was not even a road connecting them, and their leaders never visited.

Zayed is running out to run to each other to try to convince them, including his rival forever, the leader of the emirate of Dubai, Sheikh Rached al-Maktoum. In the long run, the two men will prove complementary. Sheikh Zayed is the visionary, the ambitious; Sheikh Rached is the pragmatist, the man of projects, of open trade.

More than two years of tough negotiations will be needed to reach an agreement: Zayed offers Abu Dhabi's oil revenues to share with all other emirates. Provided, however, that each emirate works for its own development. On December 2, 1971, the new state was born. Six emirates first join the union: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Sharjah, Fujairah and Um el-Qiwain.Sheikh Zayed was elected president of the federation and two months later, Ras el-Khaïma joined. Qatar and Bahrain pulled out at the last minute.

The emir managed to create a country that did not exist. But it is a state where everything is to be built. To do this, he puts the riches of the country at the service of his people. It invests in infrastructure, hospital services and education. The environment is one of its major concerns: natural reserves are formed and many trees planted to maintain a natural environment of quality. He will be called "the man who turned the desert into a green space".Drawing his philosophy and principles from Islam, he also encourages tolerance and respect towards other religions. An exception in the Gulf region.

The alliances

At the international level, the President of the Emirates will ensure throughout his reign (1968-2004) to cultivate valuable alliances. With the United States playing the card of Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom being the former colonial power, Zayed turns to France, which will become a privileged partner. His moderate positions will earn him the respect of Western leaders. From Valéry Giscard d'Estaing to Jacques Chirac via François Mitterrand, the French presidents attend, and obviously appreciate, the outstanding personality of the father of the Emirates. Giscard will say of Sheikh Zayed that he is "a man who breathes calm. A conciliator.An observer. He is open and reserved at the same time. For his part, François Mitterrand, who does not generally have much esteem for princes and kings capricious, as is the case for a number of leaders of the region, particularly appreciates Zayed. To Jacques Chirac, the Emir said: "We have no friends closer than France. It is true that Zayed is particularly touched by the coup, in front of the cameras, of the French president in 1996 in East Jerusalem against the Israeli soldiers. He is so sensitive to this scene that the video is looped.

On the Arab side, his relationship with King Faisal of Saudi Arabia is the worst. All attempts at rapprochement between the two men fail. The Wahhabi monarch considers that the tribes and princes of the Emirates are weeds that have grown on their flowerbeds and that it will be necessary to pull one day. Zayed nonetheless managed to maintain warmer relations with Fayçal's successors. Similarly, the Emirati leader managed to coax his neighbor to the south, Sultan Qaboos, thus ensuring the security of its borders. Regarding Iran, and despite the bilateral dispute over three Gulf Islands, Zayed has very good personal relations with the Shah.

On the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the president of the Emirates will always be a faithful ally of Yasser Arafat. But while strongly supporting the Palestinian demands, he advocates a solution based on UN resolutions and departs from the bellicose calls of some Arab leaders. He will be the first to reach out to Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, after he was ostracized by the Arab leaders following the signing of the peace agreement with the Jewish state. Loving the metaphors, Sheikh Zayed "said of the war that she is like a haystack. That is to say, once she started driving, she takes everything in her path, "recalls the former French ambassador to Abu Dhabi, François Gouyette.

The illiterate Bedouin has become a recognized head of state as a wise, wise man with a vision for his people. It leaves a country politically stable, whose per capita income is among the highest in the world. The reverse of the medal, the question of democratization does not arise as sharply as in the neighboring emirates.

Diversity culture

His most important legacy has been to create a state based on diversity and plurality. From this point of view, the example of the United Arab Emirates is a notable and rare success, not only in the Arabian Peninsula, but also in the Arab world in general. In a region infested with authoritarian regimes and where the notions of majority and minority are painfully experienced, the United Arab Emirates today offers a successful experience of a federal state based on respect for diversity.

Even a country like Lebanon, which prides itself on being a model of plurality, has shown its limits in terms of governance and the management of this plurality, not to mention countries like Syria and Iraq, where ethno-religious diversity has long been oppressed by quasi-totalitarian regimes.

Certainly, the problems within the federation exist, the rivalries too. The relationship between the different sheikhs is not without clouds. But Zayed has managed to create a culture of dialogue and negotiation, which still helps to recompose the equilibrium between the emirates to allow the system to continue to function, at least until today. A real miracle in the region