موضوع عن سوريا بالانجليزي

تعبير انجليزي سوريا

موضوع قصير عن سوريا بالانجليزي

موضوع عن سوريا بالانجليزي للصف الثامن

موضوع تعبير عن مدينة دمشق بالانجليزي

موضوع انجليزي عن موقع اثري في سوريا

موضوع عن حرب سوريا بالانجليزي

موضوع عن دمشق بالانجليزي مترجم

موضوع تعبير عن الوطن سوريا

موضوع انجليزي عن سوريا مترجم

موضوع قصير عن سوريا بالانجليزي

موضوع عن سوريا العربية بالانجليزي للصف الثامن

موضوع عن اطفال سوريا بالانجليزي

تعبير عن اطفال سوريا بالانجليزي

موضوع تعبير عن مدينة دمشق بالانجليزي

موضوع عن دمشق بالانجليزي مترجم

موضوع تعبير عن الوطن سوريا

موضوع انجليزي عن موقع اثري في سوريا

جمل عن سوريا بالانجليزي

موضوع تعبير عن مدينة دمشق بالانجليزي

damascus city

موضوع انجليزي عن جامع الاموي

موضوع قصير عن سوريا بالانجليزي

project write about two cities in syria

موضوع عن مدينة دمشق

موضوع عن دمشق القديمة

موضوع انجليزي عن موقع اثري في سوريا

موضوع انجليزي عن تدمر

موضوع تعبير بالانجليزي syria

موضوع عن سوريا بالانجليزي للصف الثامن

موضوع انجليزي عن سوريا

موضوع تعبير عن مدينة دمشق بالانجليزي

موضوع تعبير عن الوطن سوريا

موضوع عن دمشق بالانجليزي مترجم

موضوع عن اطفال سوريا بالانجليزي

تعبير عن اطفال سوريا بالانجليزي

موضوع قصير عن سوريا

Capital: Damascus

FDI Stocks: US $ 10,743 million in 2016

 Presentation

Economic conditions

While Syria's economic situation had improved with the wave of economic liberalization under Bashar al-Assad's presidency, with GDP more than doubling in five years and a growth rate of around 4 per cent, the Syrian economy is currently suffering. She jumped back 30 years. Given the lack of data, it is difficult to quantify the economic impact of the conflict, but according to an estimate by the World Bank, Syrian GDP contracted by more than 15% per year between 2011 and 2014 and this decline could reach 16% in 2016. This recession is attributable to the decline in oil production and the destruction of infrastructure following the bombing.

By 2015 the Syrian conflict has reached a level of violence and unprecedented complexity. The public finances of the Bashar al-Assad regime have steadily deteriorated since the intensification of the conflict. The government deficit would have reached 14% from 2011 to 2014 and 22% in 2015. Government revenues contracted and would represent less than 6% of GDP in 2015. At the same time, public expenditure rose sharply under the weight of increase in military spending. The foreign exchange reserves would be depleted since 2010 from 20 billion USD to less than 1 billion USD by the end of 2015. The World Bank's estimate of 90% in 2013 would be 14% in 2014 and 30% in 2015 And is even higher as it is accompanied by a strong depreciation of the Syrian pound. The humanitarian situation is also critical, with millions of refugees, displaced persons and people in need of humanitarian assistance ($ 12 million). The Syrian opposition remains divided despite attempts to reunify and the international community diverges around the survival of the Assad regime. The Syrian crisis also arouses regional tensions. Peace talks were initiated with the Geneva conference in January 2016, but the Syrian situation seems inextricable.

The country's social situation was already worrying before the crisis: one-third of the population lived below the poverty line, unemployment reached 20% of the population (75% of the unemployed were aged 15-24), and economic growth did not follow the very high rate of population growth (+ 3.3% / year). Since the war, the situation has worsened. The population, living without water and electricity, and facing rising food prices, flees destructions and deprivations. According to the UNDP, more than half of the population has fallen below the poverty line.

Main sectors of activity

In ordinary times, Syria mainly exports raw materials (crude oil, cotton, cereals, phosphates). The agricultural sector accounts for nearly 18% of its GDP and employs 13% of the working population, but remains a fragile sector, as it is directly dependent on climatic conditions, especially water scarcity, a key issue for the region . The area under cultivation has increased by more than 50% since 1970, mainly due to government incentives and more efficient use of irrigation methods. Major crops include wheat, potatoes, sugar beets and barley. Syria also practices the breeding of poultry, cattle and sheep.

Industry plays a relatively important role, notably thanks to textiles, chemicals and, of course, oil, which accounts for 14% of Syrian GDP. The hydrocarbons sector, which is very important for the Syrian economy, contributes 65% of the country's exports. However, the country's oil reserves are shrinking from year to year, and although the rise in oil prices has averaged 4.5% growth before the war, experts expect the Syrian wells to dry up by 2020 .The manufacturing sector contributes 25% of GDP with the production of handicrafts such as silk, leather and glass.

The well-established tertiary sector (mainly tourism) contributes about half of GDP and accounts for more than 55% of employment.

The civil war ravaging the country has, however, severely affected the Syrian economy, causing production and exports to fall and mining the tourism sector.

Trade

Syria is in principle very open to international trade. It has signed a free trade agreement with Turkey, is a member of the GAFTA (Great Arab Free Trade Area), the regional free trade area, and has signed an association agreement with the European Union. The share of foreign trade in the country's GDP was more than 75% on average between 2005-2007.

As trade has grown in recent years, trade has dried up as a result of the country's serious political, social and economic crisis, transformed into civil war, and economic sanctions by its trading partners. The volume of trade has decreased considerably, and the trade deficit widened. Syria is cut off from its main trading partners and official exports to neighboring countries, except those to Iran and Russia, are almost non-existent. Since the beginning of the crisis, oil production has been divided by ten. Structurally in deficit, Syria's trade balance has seen its deficit decline since the start of the war, with imports falling faster than exports.

Syria mainly exports its petroleum resources, but also minerals, textiles, livestock and agri-food products. Its main customers are the Arab countries, including an intensification of trade relations with Iraq, Italy, Germany, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and France. In terms of imports, the most important item remains petroleum products, followed by vehicles, metals and metalwork, sugar, agricultural products, chemical products and consumer goods. The main suppliers are Turkey, China, Italy, Ukraine and Russia.

The political context

Executive power

The President is the Head of State. He is elected by popular referendum for seven years. The president is the commander-in-chief of the army and holds the executive power. It can declare war, issue laws, amend the constitution and appoint civilian and military personnel. It also appoints the Prime Minister (Head of Government) and his Council of Ministers for as long as he wishes.

Legislative power

The legislative power in Syria is unicameral. The parliament is called the People's Council (Majlis al-Shaab). It has 250 seats and its members are elected by universal suffrage for four years. Syria has been in a state of emergency since 1963, which gives the President special powers.

The main political parties

The main political coalition in power in Syria, the National Progressive Front (NPF), is bringing together parties supporting the nationalist and socialist policies of President Al-Assad.

She regroup :

- Party "Baas", or Socialist Party of Arab Renaissance: party of President Assad, in power since 1949

- Party of Socialists Unionists

- The Communist Party of Syria

- The Social-Democratic Unionists

- Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party

Amendments to the Constitution in February 2012 allow in theory the existence of a multi-party system, withdrawing the clause imposing the Basa Party at the head of the state and society. Despite this, the May 2012 elections, which took place in full rebellion against the government, were largely boycotted by the main opposition parties. The latter have long survived in clandestinity or exile, like Islamist or Kurdish parties, which the Constitution prohibits in the name of their religious or sectarian character.

The main opposition party is the Syrian National Council (CNS): opposes President al-Assad and seeks to establish a state

Heads of Government:

President: Bashar al-ASAD (since July 2000, re-elected in May 2007) - Ba'th party.

Vice President: Farouk al-Shara (since 11 February 2006).

Prime Minister: Imad KHAMIS (since 3 July 2016) - Ba'th party.

The next elections

Presidential: 2021 (by referendum)

Legislative: 2016