Global warming: economic and social challenges
Climate change is undoubtedly one of the main strategic challenges that governments around the world will need to protect our future and that of the planet. The United Nations estimates that the annual cost of natural disasters is between $ 250 and $ 300 billion. These phenomena truncate or slow down the increase of millions of citizens. How can we fight against global warming?
Growth and Climate: William Nordhaus Dice Model
William Nordhaus: Nobel Prize for Economics 2018
Nordhaus has designed an integrated climate change assessment model that takes into account several parameters: the population, the concentration of carbon dioxide and its impact on global temperature, the effects of the implementation of certain policies, such as the Carbon tax, the evolution of the damage caused and the negative consequences resulting from the global economy.
As emissions increase, the model is capable of determining the thermal increase and its impact on the economy. Thus, it is possible to establish the amount of taxes on the CO2 to correct the damage related to climate change.
This quantitative model describes the overall interaction between the economy and the climate and integrates empirical theories and results from the fields of physics, chemistry and economics. The model simulates the joint evolution of the economy and climate, further analyzing the consequences of implementing measures such as carbon taxation.
Nordhaus agrees with other economists to say that it is necessary to establish a CO2 emission tax and to put in place mechanisms that encourage low-income countries to participate in the reduction of emissions by Economic and technological incentives.
In addition, he proposed the creation of "climate clubs" as an alternative to solve the problem of free-rider in these international alliances that promote the reduction of emissions. There may be countries that benefit from the reduction of emissions, which others encourage, without contributing to the achievement of this objective.
Pollution in the world: who are the greatest polluters?
Map of the greatest polluters in the world
The United States has been the largest contributor to gases that warm the planet today. Between 1751 and 2017, US CO2 emissions totaled 400 billion tonnes. This represents 25% of total emissions. The European Union is as follows, with 353 billion tonnes, or 22%. China is the third, with 200 billion tonnes, while Russia issued 100 billion tonnes.
The methane generates 9%, the nitrous oxide adds 5%, and the refrigerants and other sources constitute the rest.Ars that the United States and the EU have always been the largest emitters, China has become the biggest issuer Annual of the world in 2006.
The United States arrives in second position. But it's the Americans who emit the most per person. They represent 5% of the world's population and emit 20% of its gases. It's five times more than a non-American.
Carbon tax: where are the states?
Carbon tax: Government taxation sanctioning big polluters
The World Bank reports that 40 countries and 20 municipalities use either carbon taxes or exchanges of carbon emissions. This covers 13% of global annual greenhouse gas emissions.
The World Bank adds that 88 countries in total intend to use a carbon tax to achieve the objectives of the Paris Agreement. This represents 56% of global emissions. In addition, there are 51 regional and local initiatives.
In 2019, Canada imposed a National Carbon Tax $ 16 per tonne of CO2.This tax will increase to $ 39 per tonne by 2022. Most revenue will be reimbursed to individuals on their tax bills. Canada warms up twice as fast as the rest of the world.
In 2013, Great Britain imposed a $ 25 fee per tonne of CO2. As a result, public services have gone from natural gas coal. Greenhouse gas emissions have fallen to their lowest level since 1890.
Ten American states capped greenhouse gas emissions of power plants. They also require companies to purchase negotiable pollute permits.
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