تعبير عن النفط بالانجليزي

تعبير انجليزي عن   oil

تعبير عن النفط قصير

موضوع انجليزي عن النفط في الكويت

تعبير عن النفط في السعودية بالانجليزي

موضوع عن النفط قصير

برزنتيشن عن النفط

موضوع عن النفط بالانجليزي للصف السادس

مواضيع انجليزي للصف السادس

موضوع عن نفط الكويت بالانجليزي

وضوع انجليزي عن النفط في الكويت

برزنتيشن عن النفط

تعبير عن النفط قصير

موضوع عن النفط قصير

موضوع عن النفط بالانجليزي

تعبير عن النفط في السعودية بالانجليزي

مواضيع انجليزي للصف السادس

موضوع عن النفط بالانجليزي للصف السادس

موضوع عن النفط في الكويت

موضوع عن النفط بالانجليزي للصف السادس

تعبير عن النفط قصير

موضوع انجليزي عن النفط في الكويت

برزنتيشن عن النفط

تعبير عن النفط في السعودية بالانجليزي

مواضيع انجليزي للصف السادس

تعبير عن مصادر الطاقة بالانجليزي

موضوع عن النفط في الكويت

oil in kuwai

Reserves and production of hydrocarbons in

 energy in Kuwait.

Petroleum 

Kuwait has proven oil reserves of 101.1 billion barrels, or 14 billion tons3. These reserves represent 6% of the world's reserves, placing the country at 6th international level.

With 3.126 million barrels / day (3.7% of world production), Kuwait is the 7th largest oil producer in the world, with volumes slightly lower than the United Arab Emirates, Iran and Iraq3 .

Gas

Proven natural gas reserves are relatively more modest, at 1 800 billion m3 (1% of world reserves), 14th in the world3.

The emirate produces only 15.6 billion m3 / year, or 0.5% of world production3. Since April 2010, Kuwait has been importing liquefied natural gas from LNG carriers.

Reserves and production of hydrocarbons in arabie saudite 

Oil

Saudi Arabia holds the second largest proven oil reserves in the world. They total 265.9 billion barrels or 36.5 billion tonnes1. These reserves account for 15.8% of the world's reserves. This is a significantly better quality oil than Venezuela, which is the first country in terms of reserves.

Saudi Arabia remains the world's largest producer of 11.525 million barrels per day, ahead of Russia (10.788 million barrels / day) and the United States (10.003 million barrels / day).

Gas

The quantities of natural gas in Saudi Arabia appear relatively small in proportion to the oil reserves. The country is nevertheless ranked 6th worldwide, with proven reserves of 8,200 billion m3, far from the three major gas countries of Iran, Russia and Qatar. These reserves account for only 4,4% of the world's reserves.

Saudi Arabia produces 103 billion m3 / year, far behind the United States (687.6 billion m3 / year) and Russia (604.8 billion m3 / year).

History of Discoveries - Succession of Exploiting Companies [edit | change the code]

Until the 1930s, beneath the immobile sands of eastern Arabia, the world's largest reserves of black gold were unsuspected. Certainly King Abdelaziz Al-Saud had granted a concession authorizing a British holding in search of oil to explore the desert, but the latter did not make use of this right had lost its concession. In 1933, the King, through St. John Philby, awarded SOCAL (Standard Oil of California) exclusive rights to prospect and exploit oil in the Eastern region of Arabia, in other parts of the kingdom, for a period of 60 years, which was increased to 66 thereafter. A new entity, the California Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC), 50% owned by the Socal (later Chevron) and (from 1937) 50% by the Texas Company (future Texaco) of the concession in 1934. In 1944, Casoc was renamed Arabian American Oil Company, known worldwide as the Aramco acronym. In 1948, the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (which later became Esso and then Exxon) and the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company (Mobil's ancestor) joined the capital of Aramco. The four companies, all American, remained until 1973 the working pegs of the oil development in Saudi Arabia.

The search for new deposits, which continues 55 years after the first discoveries, soon revealed that the Eastern Province had the largest hydrocarbon fields in the world. The first segment of Ghawar, the largest deposit in the world, was discovered in 1948; Safaniya, the largest offshore deposit in 1951. By 1991, 60 exploitable deposits had been discovered, 5 of which were in 1990 alone. In 1989 and 1990, a total of 7 new deposits, , were found south of Riyadh, in the heart of a region outside the supposed hydrocarbon sectors.

exploitation

Drilling began in April 1935 in the Dammam Dome area along the Persian Gulf coast, but the first well did not begin until March 1938. The first barrel was shipped to Ras Tanura in May 1939, of the largest oil-exporting terminals. In 1991, more than 60 billion barrels had been produced since 1938 by Aramco alone, but the known reserves are 257.5 billion barrels and are likely to increase further as the deposits in the South of the Nadj are circumscribed. Non-associated natural gas reserves in 1991 exceeded 6.4 billion cubic meters. Existing expansion programs were expected to increase production to 10 million barrels per day.

In 1973, Saudi Arabia assumed 25% of the rights and property of Aramco. This reappropriation of the national heritage led the government to take control of Aramco, which it bought 60% in 1974 and then 100% in 1980. Officially renamed the Saudi Arabian Oil Company or Saoudi Aramco in 1988, Aramco continues to shake industry and to overturn the world's exchange-houses using its 50-year-old acronym. Aramco now serves as an operator for the country's production and acts as an intermediary in a number of BTPor engineering projects. In 1949, the company was also in charge of supervising the construction of the Dammam-Riyadh railway line, the government of which was prime contractor, or more recently supervising the Master Gas Plan. The power of Aramco has also been manifested through the conduct of operations downstream of mining, such as the establishment in 1988 of a joint venture with Texaco to refine, distribute and market petroleum products in the East and the Gulf region of the United States.

 

 

Although Aramco controls 95% of production in Saudi Arabia, two other companies operate in the Saudi half of the Divided Zone, the former neutral zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The US-controlled Getty Oil Company holds the concession for the land area while the Arabian Oil Company (AOC), a Japanese national, operates the offshore concession. This strip of territory, the subject of a dispute between the two countries, was pooled by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in 1965 and then divided into two quasi-equal parts in 1970. The two countries also agreed to equitably share oil reserves of the area and divide the oil revenues. Known reserves for the entire area totaled 5 billion barrels in 1991, and production averaged 359,000 barrels per day between 1985 and 1989, with Saudi Arabia accounting for between 2 and 4 per cent of total production. Saudi Arabia.

 

 

 

 

As the only operator for the Eastern Province, Aramco never needed to drill and exploit the optimum number of wells; after half a century, several of these wells require an artificial depressurization by a system of injection of brackish water that is not potable, drained and injected into the reservoirs as the crude is extracted. Only 850 wells are used to cover production of up to 9 million barrels per day, an average of 10,588 barrels per day each.

 

 

Proven oil reserves in Saudi Arabia are the largest claimed in the world. They are estimated at 267 billion barrels (42 × 10 ^ 9 m3) (Gbbl hereafter) including 2.5 Gbbl in the neutral zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. These reserves were the largest in the world until Venezuela announced that it would increase its proven reserves to 297 Gbbl in January 2011.1 Saudi reserves account for about one-fifth of the world's total conventional oil reserves, of these reserves comes from a small number of very large oil fields.

Main deposits

Although Saudi Arabia has about a hundred oil and gas fields, more than half of its oil reserves are contained in only eight giant fields, notably in the Ghawar field, the world's largest oil field with about 70 Gbbl of remaining reserve. 90% of Saudi Arabia's oil production comes from five fields and up to 60% of its production comes from the Ghawar field2.

Production

Saudi Arabia produced 10.3 million barrels per day (1.6 × 106 m3 / d) (Mbbl / d) in 1980, 10.6 Mbbl / d in 20063 and in the region of 9.2 Mbbl / d in 2008.4 Saudi Arabia holds the world's largest crude oil production capacity, estimated at about 11 Mbbl / d by mid-2008 and announced its intention to increase this capacity to 12.5 Mbbl / d in 20095 but in 2009 its production was 9.76 Mbbl / d6. Its cumulative production reached 119.4 billion barrels at the end of 20097. Using the reported number of 296 Gbbl, the oil already extracted represents 40% of the declared reserves.

US President George W. Bush asked the Saudis to increase production during a visit to Saudi Arabia in January 2008, the Saudis refused. Bush asked if they had the capacity to increase production8. In the summer of 2008, Saudi Arabia announced a future increase in production of 500,000 barrels per day9. However, there are experts who estimate the production of Saudi oil has already reached its peak or will do so in the near future3.

Reliability of data

Since 1982, the Saudis have kept their well data secret, as well as all the detailed data on their reserves, which gives the external experts no means of verifying Saudi Arabia's allegations on the overall size of its reserves. This has led some to wonder about the current state of their oil fields. In a study published in 2005 in the book "Twilight in the Desert" by Matthew Simmons10, 200 technical documents from the Society of Petroleum Engineers on Saudi Arabian reserves were analyzed to arrive at the conclusion that oil production of the " Saudi Arabia will soon see a decline and will not be able to produce more than the 2004 production levels. Simmons also argues that the Saudis could have irreversibly damaged their oil fields largely by the excessive injection of salt water into the fields, in an effort to maintain the pressure in the wells and to strengthen, in the short term, the production of oil.

Diplomatic cables were made public during the leaks of US diplomatic cables in 2011. She revealed that Sadad al-Husseini, the former head of Aramco, which holds the monopoly of oil production in Saudi Arabia , warned the United States that oil reserves in Saudi Arabia could actually be 40% lower than those reported (300 billion barrels) 11,12.